Soil is a complex mix of minerals, organic matter, water, and a variety of living organisms. Soil was once an uncontaminated material that covered the ground. However, in certain regions, people have unintentionally and purposely spilled toxic items over it. The waste has the potential to harm the land, as well as human, plant, and animal health. Chemical, and physical interactions driven by microorganisms, is crucial to agricultural productivity. Effective microorganisms boost the soil's beneficial microbial population, allowing for long-term crop production. Soil microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi and viruses are all essential component of the soil ecosystem, since they aid in nutrient transformation and cycling, as well as the maintenance of soil ecological functions and health. lant growth-promoting microorganisms and arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are utilized to boost agricultural crop growth and yields under normal and stressful circumstances. Continuous cropping degrades soil physicochemical qualities, resulting in changes in soil microbial abundance and community composition. The microbial community composition was dramatically altered by changes in soil pH, organic matter, and mineral fertilizers. Biotic stress is a major issue for agrarians today since the huge increase in the human population is creating soil degradation and reducing the microbial population, which has a detrimental impact on plant development. By keeping in view, the importance of microbes for soil and plants, the current review discusses the function of soil microbes in crop productivity and soil fertility.

Keywords: Soil Microbes; Microbial community composition; Soil fertility; Agricultural Crop Production.