Mainly biotic factors are responsible for plant discomfort and these diseases result in economic losses in term of crop yield, and environmental disruptions. Disease resistance in plants is crucial for mitigating these impacts and it involves complex interactions between plants and pathogens, with various resistance mechanisms, including R genes, vertical and horizontal resistance, and quantitative resistance. Physical barriers or resistance mechanisms involve strong cell walls, trichomes, and cuticle thickness while chemical resistance involved in production of phytochemicals, antimicrobial proteins, phytoalexins, hormonal signaling, cell wall reinforcement, detoxification enzymes, pathogenesis-related proteins, and secondary metabolites. Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) provides broad-spectrum, persistent resistance by priming plants to respond more effectively to various pathogens. Recognition of Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) initiates Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI), contributing to the plant's ability to recognize and respond to potential threats. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) play roles in direct defense, signaling, and attracting beneficial organisms. Allelopathy, the release of chemicals affecting nearby plants, can contribute to disease resistance by inhibiting pathogen growth. Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) directly interact with and destroy a range of microorganisms, enhancing plant defense. This review will refine our knowledge about comprehensive understanding of plant diseases, resistance mechanisms, and their ecological implications are vital for sustainable agriculture, food security, and environmental health.

Keywords: System Acquired Resistance (SAR), Antimicrobial Peptides (AMP), allelopathy, volatile organic compound (VOC), productive ecosystem and sustainable agriculture.